Modest Mussorgsky and His Sunless Song Cycle

Modest Mussorgsky and his Sunless Song Cycle Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky was one of the biggest innovators in Russian music during the Romantic Period. Constantly striving to achieve a distinctive Russian musical identity, he never once hesitated to defy the orthodox qualities and trends of western music. Born March 21, 1839, into a wealthy family living in Karevo, Russia, it was not long before Mussorgsky discovered his love for music. He began playing piano at the age of 6 and showed promising development. However, he was obliged to take on the family tradition of serving in the military, and was sent to cadet school when he was 13.After 4 years, he successfully graduated and was sent to serve at a military hospital in Saint Peterburg. Here, he became close with several other composers including Mily Balakirev, who heavily influenced Mussorgsky to learn more about music. The two worked together over the next few years developing his musical intelligence. After only several months, in 1858, Mussorgsky suffered from an emotional crisis, forcing him to resign from his commission, and devote his time entirely to music composition. He began to develop as a composer but was unfortunately preoccupied as his family’s fortune began to dwindle.He was forced to accept a low-level civil service position in order to help manage his family’s estate. In 1863, Mussorgsky returned to Saint Petersburg and began composing his first opera. During this time, he was exposed to a heavily creative and intellectual atmosphere where a variety of artistic and scientific ideas were brought to his attention. He soon came to embrace the ideal known as musical realism. With this mind set, Mussorgsky sought to depict life through music as it was truly lived. He rejected the repetition of symmetrical musical forms just as life itself is completely unpredictable.His style came to be known as erratic and exhibited a raw sense of individuality. Unfortunately, this concept of †˜real life’ hit him especially hard when his mother passed away in 1865. This was a profound moment in Mussorgsky’s life, one that may have pushed him into the downward spiral saturated with alcohol, depression, and hopelessness that would eventually follow. By the late 1860’s, his music had circulated well enough to earn him the right of being grouped with Balakirev, Cui, Rimsky-Korsavok, and Borodin as a part of Russia’s â€Å"Mighty Handful†.However, he had yet to compose a successful opera. In Autumn of 1868, after abandoning his two previous attempts at Salammbo and Marriage, Vladimir Nikosky suggested that he compose an opera for Alexander Pushkin’s drama, Boris Godunov. Mussorgsky gladly accepted the challenged and began almost immediately. Despite the opera being rejected by the State Censor (arguably not once but twice), nearly 6 years later, his masterpiece was ready to be shared with the world. The premier took place January 27, 1874, but to his dismay, it received a number of hostile and negative reactions.Even his good friend and fellow â€Å"Mighty Hand† member, Cesar Cui, was unimpressed and proceeded to minimize his accomplishment with a scathing review describing it as an â€Å"immature work†, and that it â€Å"trespassed against the conventional musical grammar of the time†. Mussorgsky was deeply impacted by the public reaction. It nearly destroyed his self-confidence, and summoned what I believe to be the dark and pessimistic force that inspired his song cycle entitled â€Å"Bez Solnsta†.Literally meaning â€Å"sunless†, or â€Å"without sun†, Bez Soinsta was a series of 6 songs Mussorgsky composed to accompany a variety of poems written by his close friend and part-time roommate, Arseni Golenishchev-Kutuzov. As the name implies, the overall mood of Sunless is rather bleak. Its music and lyrics especially evoke a continuous feeling of loneliness, hopelessnes s, insomnia, and boredom. From a psychological standpoint, one could say that this entire song cycle is a direct representation of the mental state associated with depression and its symptomatic effects.I believe Mussorgsky chose to compose these songs when he did to reflect his degrading mental state of mind, which ultimately led to his demise. The first song of the cycle, consisting of only 17 bars, is entitled â€Å"Within Four Walls†. With its sparing accompaniment, this musically subtle piece tends to center around pedal D (first in the bass, later in the mid range, and then returning back to the bass). The melody blends a combination of recitative and aria with arching lines of infinite yearning and at times fierce dissonances.These unexpected harmonies are inevitably brought back to the unyielding D, all the while saturated with irregular phrase length and fermatas to perhaps allude to the unpredictability of life. Deceptive cadences of endless misery, combined with so mber poetic lyrics such as â€Å"†¦an impenetrable darkness, irresponsive darkness†, this song seems to radiate a sense of profound pessimism that can only be explained by the mental condition of Mussorgsky at the time. Though only lasting a mere 11 bars, Mussorgsky’s second song of the cycle, â€Å"Thouh Didst Not Know Me In The Crowd†, goes further harmonically than any other composer would be capable of.Frequently ending in foreign, unresolved chords, this perfect blend of heightened recitatives and fervent melodies do justice to the associated lyrics provided by Kutuzof. The poetry seems to express and bewail the indifference of the world as personified in the disinterest of a former lover. The brief poetic phrasing is as follows: You have not recognized me in the crowd. Your glance did not say anything, but I felt wonder and fright when I caught it. It was only a moment, but believe me, within it I re-lived again, all the delights of past love, all the bitterness of oblivion and tears!Details regarding Mussorgsky’s love life are sparse, but one can only assume that such words drenched in hopeless bitterness and overwhelming sorrow pertained some relevance to his current love affairs at the time. Mussorgsky’s third song in the cycle is entitled â€Å"The Noisy Festival Day Is Ended†. At the time, he was working in the forestry department of The Russian Government as a clerk. Earning little income, and being constantly preoccupied with pointless tasks, his frustration grew, as he was increasingly distracted from his real life as a composer.One of the more expansive Sunless songs, this 40 bar piece exhibits a variety of textures and gestures. Opening with a recitative, Mussorgsky continues to a lyrical middle section, where falling modal sixths are introduced. Finishing with an aria like finale, the song seems to convey no other emotions than hopeless longing and passionate despair. He expresses yet another day wasted, â€Å"over is the idle and idle and clamorous day† and another night sleep deprived, â€Å"but sleep escapes from my eyes†. But what has brought about this dissatisfaction? Could it be his unfulfilling job that distracts him from his true passion of music composition?Or perhaps it is a woman who disturbs him so, â€Å"I am bored with this dead crowd†¦ Only one shadow, the only one of all, appeared to me, breathing with love†. â€Å"Boredom† is the fourth song in Mussorgsky’s Sunless song cycle. As the name suggests, throughout the 29 bars, he repeats the opening statement a total of three times (making it a strophic song). However, it would not be very stylistic of Mussorgsky to restate this initial melody without some sort of change or variation. For each repetition, he modifies the music slightly to appropriately reflect the changes in the text.During the third repetition, the music seems to take a more fierce and tragic approach tha n that of the first and second phrases. The lyrics here also seem to indicate a powerful sense hopelessness and despair as Kutuzov writes, â€Å"Be bored. From birth to the grave your path is written beforehand: Drop by drop you’ll waste your powers. Then you’ll die. † Talk about depressing. At this point in time, Mussorgsky was drinking heavily, and seemed to idealize his alcoholism, perhaps viewing it as an ethical or aesthetic habbit. This of course led to increased isolation and depression, which is undeniably presented through songs such as this one.His fifth song, â€Å"Elegy† appears to be related in some way to the negative reaction of the public in response to the recent premier of his opera, Boris Godunov. As discussed earlier, even his close friend and respected fellow member of Russia’s â€Å"Mighty Handful† betrayed Mussorgsky with a brutal review of the piece. â€Å"Elegy† begins nicely as the fluttering piano gently com pliments and symbolizes the â€Å"Silent star flickering, lonely, through the veil of clouds†. Arguably, this represents Mussorgsky’s opera at the time of its approval, waiting for the â€Å"veil of clouds† to be lifted in order to shine for all of the world to see.Later, the music changes drastically as a series of angry, dissonant and chromatic octaves relentlessly pound away as the poetry describes what I believe to be the public’s reaction to his take on Boris Godunov. â€Å"†¦And I hear in the distance life’s discordant noise, laughter of the soulless crowd, the muttering of treacherous feuding†. Mussorgsky’s anger and frustration in response to the premier of his opera are clearly and effectively depicted here through his music. The last song of his Sunless cycle is entitled â€Å"By The River†. Throughout the piece, a stationary bass line with its insistent half step supports a eries of extreme chromatic harmonies. There is a strange contradictive sense of stability and illusion to the piece, something which becomes even more prominent when compared to its poetry. Throughout the text, the line between sanity and madness and crossed, and you find yourself at the threshold of death. The poetry seems to essentially be a suicide note. The river acts as a means to an end, possessing â€Å"†¦magical secrets in them† (what happens after you die). â€Å"When it calls into the depths, I want to jump without hesitation† (suicide).The hopeless yearning and disheartening lyrics correspond with music nearly as dark and mysterious as the river portrays. In the years that followed, Mussorgsky’s mental and physical decline only worsened. The inability to resist drinking, combined with a series of deaths among his closes friends caused him great pain and sorrow. In 1880, he was terminated from the governmental service, and in 1881 he declared to a friend that there was, â€Å"nothing left but begging†. It seemed as though Mussorgsky had given up: on music, on himself, on life. Sure enough, not long after the fact, he suffered from a series of seizures and was hospitalized.An impoverished son of nobility, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky died on March 28, 1881, just a week after his 42nd birthday. His unfortunate struggle with alcohol, and criticisms from the public eye, inspired a dark and despairing approach to music during his final years. Additionally, his interest and devotion to musical realism led to an unorthodox and controversial style, the critical reaction to which, he was unable to cope with. Sunless, with the help from Kutuzov, remains one of the bleakest works in the art song repertoire. Bibliography: Articles: http://www. recmusic. org/lieder/assemble_texts. tml? LanguageId=7&SongCycleId=60 http://www. allmusic. com http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Sunless_(song_cycle) Songs: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=CKZwPYhXbbA http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=8KOvp0ienUI http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=tUXZ59hs2l8 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=YU481pqyo54 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ym367Z_XJ-k http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Raqo8RQL9i0 Scores: http://www. musicaneo. com/sheetmusic/sm-4310_sunless_without_sun. html (^yes, I bought it†¦)

Poultry Management System

A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives. Businesses today are developing and upgrading their system into more high level system to lessen the time and effort of performing their complex jobs. Comparing to their old system like their MS Excel System in inventory, sales, monitoring and production they are now implementing a system that manages all their complex transactions. In the global arena, Willmar Poultry Company (WPC), one of the largest turkey poultry producers in United States operates in the production of turkeys and other livestock. Moreover, they prefer to have a solution which both strong in manufacturing and financing area. Further, they want to streamline data entry and reporting, increase in flexibility and functionality, and improve data access and decision making capabilities. So, in managing all their diverse transaction, WPC implemented the system, Microsoft Business Solutions-Axapta. (Willmar Poultry Company, 2000) In the national scene, Maya farms, a large integrated farm located some 40 km from the city of Manila. It maintains some 60,000 pigs, 12,000 egg-type chickens and a few hundred heads of cattle. Soon after the embargo in 1973, Maya farms started experimenting on the industrial uses of biogas generated from the manure produced by their livestock. It developed systems that enabled the farm to use methane gas from the manure as substitute for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and as source of energy to run internal combustion engines that power its deep-well water pumps, feed mixers and generators and some other electric equipment in the farm. After they succeeded the implementation of the biogas, they developed a system that focuses on their transactions especially on their purchasing, selling and giving inventory in mid 90’s. After several years of developing new system that would manage their fast growing farm, they successfully implemented their new system â€Å"Livestock Inventory System† which caters to their diverse transactions like purchasing and selling of chickens and other livestock. (Integrated Livestock – Fish Production System, 2000) Locally, a company that maintains egg-type chickens in their farm is (LBF) Lacia Breeder Farm located at Taglono, Toril, Davao City. The farm seeks innovative ways to improve the health of their breeding stock. Moreover, the farm needs faster decision making, secured records, and powerful reporting every time they see and need the data. Since, they are using MS Excel System in recording and processing their transaction they encountered problems that would prolong their decision making in improving the farm. Moving forward, Lacia Breeder Farm’s passion for innovation continues as they seek out and discover new technology that will provide them with distinct competitive advantages necessary in providing the highest quality poultry at the greatest value to the customers and consumers. Hence, they recognize that the future is only a day away and are always considering new ideas and technology as they continue their relentless commitment to innovation. In response to their innovation, the researchers have proposed a system called Poultry Management System that would help the farm in managing their diverse transactions. Statement of the Problem The Lacia Breeder Farm (LBF) is using MS Excel for their transactions in the farm. While, using the old system, LB Farm encounter problems which cause them delay in transacting businesses of the farm. Moreover, in using the their existing system for a long period of time there is a need of a reliable, secure and fast management system to handle their diverse transactions and to strengthen their operations. Based on our interviews of the farm manager, the problems found upon using their existing system have been identified. There is a delay in generating reports. Upon using the MS Excel application, it would take several days in producing reports because the management still has to gather all the data. They have to encode all the gathered data and looked to their columnar to check if the reports and data are the same as recorded in their columnar book. They also have to encode each data again and again in every transaction that they have done and categorized each data into particular reports. Duplication of data is essential for back-up purposes but in this case, LBF produced a redundant report that would delay them in their decision making. Thus, in determining the history of their transactions and reports of their inventory still they have to scroll over their old system and find the necessary data of that particular report. Moreover, this could cause the disorganization of reports that would hinder their operation. It would also delay them to generate reports, since the data will not be automatically updated in their MS Excel System. Stocks are not monitored properly. Since they are using the Microsoft Excel for the monitoring of their feeds and medicines, the farm management encountered a problem in determining if there is still available stock in their stockroom because in Microsoft Excel, although it calculates the remaining stocks, the management still needs constant monitoring to their MS Excel just to determine if there are stocks available. Moreover, if this happened they will check the stockroom how many feeds and medicines available. They have to calculate again from their columnar and notebooks the consumed feeds and medicines to determined the availability of the stocks. There is miscalculation of data that leads to inaccurate result. While using the MS Excel System, the management is hesitant to use the formula for their MS Excel because sometimes it will be modified by the user. There are also instances that they are confused on the accuracy of the result of their MS Excel System because the user or the manager inputs a wrong formula that makes the calculation inaccurate and it can only be identified once double-checked. This would also create confusion in determining the stock’s availability and accuracy of the files and records in inventory of their products. The records and files are misplaced. The daily, weekly, monthly and yearly reports are misplaced for once it had been recorded in their MS Excel and printed, the hard copy will be compiled in a folder without label and placed on top of the table because they don’t have proper cabinet for storage. Some records are thrown in the garbage if it is assorted to the old files and it is hard to find the files for it was thrown away. Some records are also misplaced by the manager for he will bring them in their main office in Panabo; sometimes he left them on his car or misplaced somewhere else. This is why files and records are hard to find during retrieval. Furthermore, they will consume too much time in retrieving the misplaced files because they have to scan all their unlabeled folders, to their assorted files and in case of lost of file/s. They have to scroll over to their MS Excel System just to find the needed data because some data and files are in the farm and others are in the main office at Panabo which took so long because of the distance between the farm and the office. And also, they have to check on their columnar book back again to get the files that were lost. Files are unsecured. The files that are supposed to be viewed and accessed only by the manager are viewed and accessed by unauthorized personnel due to lack of security privacy of their MS Excel system. Based on what we have seen in their MS Excel System, they don’t have a security like asking password every time they accessed the files. When the manager is not in the office, the caretaker or employee could view and access the confidential files and could even change and erase the data recorded. They could easily hacked on other files which is not supposed to be accessed by unauthorized personnel since it is easy to accessed the system because of the lacking of security. Even, they could ruin the entire program or changing the program set up. And, change the formula which leads to a wrong output. There are also chances of data lost once it was accessed by the caretaker or other employee. The manager has to evaluate again the encoded data to double check and to ensure the files that have not been purge and change. Assumption of the Study This study aims to develop the management system of Lacia Breeder Farm to provide fast and accurate farm transaction. Based on the identified problem, this study assumes to: Generate accurate and particular reports in every transaction. Through using this management system, it would give them a report on a particular transaction. This would help them to analyze and decide what the next move to further improve their farm. Moreover, this would lessen the encoding process of the data because it can generate automatically the reports after the data are encoded. It will not block any operations of the farm because it can generate reports easily. Thus, this system automatically updated reports that needed on particular operations. Provide convenient way of monitoring the stocks. Through using this management system, it would give the management an update monitoring of the stocks availability. This would lessen the work in encoding, retrieving and processing manually all the data encoded and needed. Provide a system that can give accurate calculation of data. This gives proper calculation of data and gives accurate result since the formula is embedded and cannot be accessed by someone else. Hence, it would determine, give accurate result and proper calculation of the stock remained in the stockroom. Provide proper storage for all records and files. This management system provide proper storage for it has a big storage system which the database of the system. It would help the management in easily searching the files that are lost. It provides an update detail of the files and records to be retrieve. Further, it fastens the time consumed in retrieving data. And, they will not anymore scan all the files, records and columnar book just to find the needed lost data. Provide a system that has security like asking password. It would not allow any user to access the system to secure all the file/s and record/s inside. It will give the management a better and safe data for further uses. Hence, only those registered users can access, view and add data. These would be a great help for the farm for they do not have anymore double check the records and files for it is secure. Thus, categorized personnel have their own category in accessing the data for example; the manager can access all the detailed, confidential and important data while other users have a limitation. Review of Related Literature To provide a background and framework of the investigation, selected literature related to the study are presented in this section. These include theories, systems, principles, concepts and views, which have a direct bearing to the variables of the study. Poultry is any domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, raised for food, meat or eggs (Grolier New Webster’s Dictionary) is the main product of the poultry farm before developing any computerized information system to manage the transactions accurately and reliably. Based on the research, the following are the factors should be considered in managing the farm which is important in developing a system for poultry farm and to understand the processes involved (Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 2005). Hatching. The development of a mechanical setter and Hatcher has permitted the large scale production of chicks with little labor. While many of the eggs produced on the farms are unfertilized, only those eggs which are fertilized will hatch. Fertilized eggs can be purchased from breeding operations, or by the successful mating of a rooster and a hen by natural methods or by using artificial insemination. Turkey production relies on the use of artificial insemination to produce fertile eggs. The continuous genetic selection for turkeys with large breast muscling has resulting in many breeds which are no longer capable of copulating because of their large and awkward size.

Visit to Art Museum

I've never had a chance to visit any museum in real life, and it's even harder for me now since I've just arrived to the USA for 3 months. But I'm an art addicted, so I usually visit famous museums around the world on the internet. One Of my favourite museums is The Walters Art Museum. The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland is internationally renowned for its collection of art, which was amassed substantially by two men, William and Henry Walters, and eventually bequeathed to the City of Baltimore.The collection presents an overview of world art from pre-dynastic Egypt to 20th-century Europe, and counts among its many treasures Greek sculpture and Roman sarcophagi; medieval ivories and Old Master paintings; Art Deco jewelry and 19th-century European and American masterpieces. The Walters Art Museum preserves and develops in the public trust a distinguished collection of world art from antiquity to the 20th century. In 1931, the museum's founding benefactor, Henry Walters, bequ eathed the core collection to the City of Baltimore â€Å"for the benefit of the public. Since its opening, the Walters has been a national leader in scholarship, conservation, and education. The Walters Art Museum brings art and people together for enjoyment, discovery, and learning. They strive to create a place where people of every background can be touched by art. They are committed to exhibitions and programs that will strengthen and sustain our community. The Walters Art Museum preserves and develops in the public trust a distinguished collection of world art from antiquity to the 20th century.In 1931, the museum's founding benefactor, Henry Walters, bequeathed the core collection to the City of Baltimore â€Å"for the benefit of the public. † Since its opening, the Walters has been a national leader in scholarship, conservation, and education. Mission Statement The Walters Art Museum brings art and people together for enjoyment, discovery, and learning. We strive to create a place where people of every background can be touched by art. We are committed to exhibitions and programs that will strengthen and sustain our community.

“A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” Rhetorical Analysis Essay Essay

â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† is an essay by Mary Wollstonecraft, written to urge women to ascend above their traditional gender roles in society through the utilization of education. Education is a right, not a privilege because it allows people to contribute to society and that is why Wollstonecraft stresses the importance of its existence in a woman’s life as a tool for higher purpose and societal progression. Her ideologies – combined with rising support behind the emerging feminist movement – were relevant and consequently impacted the lives of whoever encountered her writings. Through this passage, Wollstonecraft utilizes antithesis, rhetorical questions, and analogies to redefine â€Å"attractiveness† by emphasizing the importance of higher intellect rather than physical beauty. Through antithesis, Wollstonecraft is able to highlight the strong contrast between a woman’s role in society with and without education. While women â€Å"have been stripped of the virtues that should clothe humanity, they have been decked with artificial graces that enable them to exercise a short-lived tyranny† (lines 205-207). The artificial graces are symbolic of the traditional â€Å"education† society has forced upon women. Educating women solely on home making skills and how to be a good wife essentially deprives them of their natural rights to an academic based education and instead fills them with skills that only serve to strengthen gender roles. Wollstonecraft emphasizes the â€Å"art of pleasing †¦ [to only be] useful to a mistress; the chaste wife and serious mother should only consider her power to please as the polish of her virtues and the affection of her husband as one of the comforts that render her talk less difficult and her life happi er† (line 133-136). Education at that point in time only served to prevent women from fulfilling their full potential and weakened their worth in society. The general public associated learning with masculinity and consequently refused to recognize the role a rudimentary academic education would play in helping a woman excel as a wife and a mother. Through the lack of education offered to women in society, their promise was hindered and they were forced to follow the straight and narrow paths set forth by society. Wollstonecraft utilizes analogies to illustrate the temporal existence and futility of physical beauty. Women â€Å"just like the flowers †¦planted in too rich a soil †¦after having pleased a fastidious eye, fade, disregarded on the stalk† (line 15-17). Although society places immense value on beauty, it does not last forever, and as a result, once female appeal fades, so does their functionality in civilization. This lack of long lasting purpose and sense of usefulness comes from an inadequate system of education for women which only focuses on superficial aspects that will only keep them feeling fulfilled for a short period of time. A woman whose sole purpose is â€Å"to please will soon find that her charms are oblique sunbeams and that they cannot have much effect on her husband’s heart when they are seen every day† (line 113-115). Through this analogy, Wollstonecraft denotes the momentary existence of physical beauty and its diminishing effect on a man who is witness to it on a daily basis. Constant objectification of feminine existence forced women themselves to denigrate their self worth down to their physical appearance and once again, conforming to demands set forth by their misogynistic environment. Since a woman’s physical appearance is temporary, their worth in a traditional and patriarchal society is also just as temporary. Rhetorical questions were employed throughout the work to emphasize the frustration and disbelief Wollstonecraft had towards that lack of importance placed on educating women. Women were encouraged to hold their tongues and swallow their emotions, forcing most of them to question â€Å"why should not one woman acknowledge that she can take more exercise than another† (line 146-148)? Even after many years of progression and liberation in different aspects of life, the emancipation of women from the control of men was not an issue in anyone’s mind. Men literally controlled every aspect of a woman’s life during that time period and consequently forced them to turn their backs on common sense and truth in order to avoid making immodest gestures by saying what they felt. â€Å"To gain the affections of a virtuous man† affectation was seen as a necessity (line 162). Women accepted these kinds of degrading societal expectations because they were dependent on the men in their lives. In Wollstonecraft’s eyes it was outrageous that women did not understand that their lack of education kept them vulnerable and  that society itself did not understand that educating women would only lead to improvement rather than hindrance. Wollstonecraft’s outrage towards the matter was obviously justified because even after all the progress she made in the name of feminism, women around the world are still being denied an education on a daily basis. Through the use of antithesis, analogies, and rhetorical questions, Wollstonecraft was able to encourage women to question societal constraints that limited their contribution to the communities they were a part of. â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† was written to highlight the prominence of gender roles and the negative impact it was having on society. Her work urged people to recognize that restricting a woman’s role in society by claiming that academic ventures were too â€Å"masculine† would ultimately be detrimental and counterproductive.

Different Theories of Management Essay

Nowadays we have new implementing plans for management. The different theories of management are: classical, behavioral, quantitative and quality management theory, systematic and contingency management theory. The classical management theory focuses on finding the â€Å"one best way† to accomplish and manage task (p. 37,2008. W. Plunkett, R. Attner, G. Allen). The behavioral management theory recognizes employees as individuals with real human needs. It is very important for the manager to establish trusted relationships and value his/her employees. Successful leader will put his staff first. Good communication with employees- key to success! From my personal experience, I had bad first-level management in our department. The most important, I felt that, they are using employees as a machine in the factory, like in old days practices. There were no communication connection between workers and â€Å"the boss†. All they wanted to know your working schedule: â€Å"When are you coming to work or can you stay late today? â€Å" I could not work there for a long time. There was no teamwork feeling and very poor customer service. Now, I have a better place to work, where the leaders appreciate and value you. I definitely have closer relationship with management. Our manager has a good communication skills, she creates a warm, productive atmosphere. We solve problems together as a team. I am proud to say that we only get a positive feedback from our customers. The quantitative management theory uses mathematical tools to help plan, control and analyze nearly everything in an organization. Quality management process is leading to ability to meet the needs of the customers. Total quality comes from satisfied customers. The systems management theory powers that an organization comprises various parts that must perform tasks necessary for the survival and proper functioning of the system as a whole. Human resources management is a core of the organization, because those people responsible for interviewing people and checking their professional skills. The contingency management theory is based on the premise that manager’s preferred actions or approaches depend on the variables of the situations they face (p. 50,2008). Early Management Theories In the past, the old system required the boss to do everything. For example, to manage, planning, processing, thinking, finance and analyze budget. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) â€Å"The Father of Scientific Management†. Scientific Management theory arose from the need to increase productivity in the U. S. A. especially, where skilled labor was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Taylor devised four principles for scientific management theory, which were: 1. The development of a true science of management, 2. The scientific selection and training of workers, 3.  Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work 4. Equal division of work and responsibility between worker and manager Successful management requires an understanding of the fundamental concepts of effective management techniques and principles. In order to gain such insight, and manage effectively and efficiently, managers must develop an awareness of past management principles, models and theories. From the turn of the 20th Century, the need for a formal management theory was growing evident; organizations required a system to guide managers in an attempt to improve productivity and efficiency of workers. This urgency for a theory saw the development of six major management approaches, the focus of this essay will be on two of the classical management theories; the scientific management theory and the human relations movement. The contributions of both these theories will be examined, followed by an analysis of the similarities and differences that these two theories propose. The last point will see a discussion of the relevance that these two theories have in modern managerial practice.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Globalization - Essay Example Globalization as a phenomenon requires the imposition of certain types of values and traits which are mostly Western in their orientation. Such outcome therefore results into the diminishing of the local values and thus gradually erodes the local culture and replaces it with more modern Westernize culture. Appiah’s arguments therefore of relatively more important considering the fact that the systematic overhaul of the different social values may further result into discernment for globalization rather than generating a widespread acceptance for it. The universalization of the values under globalization therefore can create significant resistance to the same despite the fact that globalization can actually result into the transfer of economic and technological benefits for the developing countries. (Jameson and Miyoshi). Appiah’s arguments therefore are more critical considering the fact that globalization may adversely affect the local cultures and superimpose other cu ltures on local cultures thus creating so called moral disagreement between developed and developing countries. This moral disagreement therefore can result into the clash of civilization and globalization as a whole may fail to provide the desired results. It is also critical to understand therefore that in order to make globalization a successful process and phenomenon, it is critical to understand that globalization must support or allow local cultures and civilizations to grow with the global culture also. The mismatch between the two may create the critical differences between the nations and cultures and thus forcing globalization to fail to provide the desired results to the less developing countries. Foer’s arguments however, offer a deep and practical aspect of how globalization actually failed to erode the local culture. Considering the example of soccer, Foer presents the argument that the local culture associated with the global game of soccer has not changed over the period of time despite the fact that global clubs such as Manchester United and Real Madrid are considered as global icons being followed across the globe. The critical difference between the arguments of both the authors therefore provides a rare glimpse of the possible and concrete differences between theory and practice. Appiah’s arguments are more theoretical in nature suggesting the normative aspects of globalization and how this may result into the overcoming of the local culture through universalization of culture. Foer on the other hand however, has offered a different opinion regarding the failure of the globalization to actually overcome the local culture in its real settings thus potentially failed to achieve its intended aims. Foer believed that the soccer and the culture associated with it is actually a deep impression of the generations of the individuals who carried forward the tradition from generation to generation. However, soccer is also considered as anti-American because it is perhaps the only non-American trend which is dominating the world and which has remained purged from the increasing power of America and its value systems. In fact Soccer is seen as a threat in America because of its resilience to maintain its local cultural orientation. Western values therefore have failed to dampen the real spirit of soccer despite the fact that the sport as a whole has become more commercialized over the period

Integrating Internet Resourses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrating Internet Resourses - Essay Example I will also give a quick review about the quality and availability of these resources. I will also make use of the examples and illustrations to analyze how and what different types of internet resources are being used in our teaching and learning processes. I will also try to develop a general understanding about the underutilization or overutilization of these resources. In the end I will also try to identify the type of internet resources which are most needed in my area of field. Integration of military science or history into course The seeds of community college were planted in USA just before the second Civil war in 1862. The intension was that higher education should not just be restricted to the privileged few but it should be available to all. These public universities are supposed to prepare students for careers in engineering, medicine and military services etc. these public institutions prepare the first national work force. These not only helps in meeting community need s but developing critical thinking and help them in choosing a career path for them. (Kent A Phillipe L. G., 2005) E-learning in Higher Education Institutions Recent technological advancements and extensive use of internet has not only (Mapuva, 2009)transformed our businesses but the usage of internet has found inroads into our education system as well. Especially in the higher education there has been unprecedented demand for tertiary education and a no. of students are enrolling for distant learning programs. Internet has become an indispensible and a very important tool of imparting education. Internet has not only transformed the way through which knowledge can be accessed or retained but it has also transformed the basic structure of traditional teaching. It has transformed the ways through which knowledge is disseminated, interaction with the course material and the associated resources. Now every university has to reorganize itself to inculcate e-learning and newer methods of teaching. I as a military instructor although doesn’t approve of distant learning but a strong propagator of integrating other internet resources in the teaching system. Military science and internet resources Internet helps in interacting a large no of educational, research and other related organizations through its extensive academic and research based network linking. Its importance to military science can be understood from the fact that it was first developed as a military network by US department of Defense, originally called APPRANET. In 1989 it was finally decommissioned from military services and was devoted to education and research purposes. (Kumar, 2005) Types of internet resources utilized Internet is the future in research and in planning and facilitating higher education because of ever decreasing funds as well. We can categorize the different internet resources that are available. They are listed below List serves, newsgroup, email discussion groups Federal State and local government Electronic publications Library access catalogues/ literature search Peer comparisons Admissions Fact books, Management information systems, Intranet Policy studies Environmental scanning Professional development Association Higher education Research Online survey All of the above types are generally used in the higher edu

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Business law - Essay Example Sufficient Minimum Contacts means that the defendant must have taken actions purposefully directed towards a resident or organization within the Forum State. Therefore, bearing in mind the Della and Berry did business with an Indiana client, Sufficient Minimum Contacts were established. The Indiana court can exercise jurisdiction over the defendant party. In Rem Jurisdiction refers to exercise of power by court over property or status against a defendant with whom the court does not have In Personam Jurisdiction. It applies in this case because the complainant aims at suing an out-of-state business. Moreover in 1(c), the Indiana client cannot file a federal suit. According to Concurrent Federal Jurisdiction the federal courts can hear cases in instances of diversity of citizenship (the parties involved are citizens of different States or Non-citizens of the United States) whereby the claim amounts to value of money exceeding $75, 000. The case filed by the Indiana client would be too minor to be heard in a federal court. In 2 (a), the defendant can apply several written responses that include; General Denial response to say that there is nothing in the complaint is true, a Demurrer response telling the court that the complaint is insufficient, or a Motion to Strike response that requests the court to remove something out of the complaint. In 2 (b), there are several discovery forms that can be used including; deposition (asking a witness or party to respond to questions orally under oath in presence of a court reporter), interrogatives (written questions sent to a party to answer in writing under oath), and a request for admission (a request sent to a party to admit to certain facts). In 2 (c), the final pretrial conference is held to outline the issues of the case and set timeframes procedural matters and the legal process. In scenario 3 (a), the Common Pleas Court has the jurisdiction to hear the case because it involves parties

Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study Research Paper

Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study - Research Paper Example By this, assumption is that Joe’s employees will be prosperous because they were able to take their responsibilities, which are their capacity to attribute. Similarly, the attribute effort is because they managed time and dedicated their effort at meeting their customer base. A challenge in their tasks is mainly conquered by making necessary effort and determination. Additionally, even with significant effort, ability and role-challenge, workers have to attribute some amount of fortune. Individual mood and time should coincide with workers fortune. Discussion This discussion will investigate Joe the leader of famous Northern American firm, and his workers and how workers should comprehend the significance of how people form perception and make attributions. Joe believes that his workers have created a strong and effective relationship with their clients thought diverse techniques use in the business. The discussion will explain learning social theory, significance of the theor y in Joe’s case and the application of the theory in improving workers performance, in the company, (Martinko, 2004). Worker need to comprehend how people create opinions and make attributions because perception is a crucial process by which people choose, select, coordinate, explain, interpret and react to information. Workers are regularly exposed to diverse information, and they know when managers are deceiving. People analyze the information in their mind and organize it to create concepts regarding their experiences and senses. Different individuals perceive different cases differently based on what they selectively perceive and organize and explain what leaders and workers perceive. The attributions made by managers and workers about the causes of behaviors are crucial for behavior understanding. For instance, a manger that attributes inadequate production directly to his employees is likely to act increasingly punitively than a manager who attributes inefficient perfor mance to situations beyond the control of his subordinates. A leader who acknowledges that a worker performed poorly because she had insufficient training or skills may comprehend, and give the person adequate instructions or extra training. Comprehending the significance of how individuals form opinions and tailor attributions will aid Joe’s workers in establishing and sustaining strong, trusted and culturally solid connection with customers. Ensuring that workers realize cultural diversities and perceptions of their clients minimizes the tendency of workers unintentionally offending clients. What people consider as a sincere hand waving as a way saying Hi and goodbye can be perceived different by a person from India or Japanese. A mere index finger curling indicating, â€Å"come closer† may be interpreted by an Australian and Indonesian as prostitution solicitation. A number of people are not aware of both verbal and non-verbal social cultural differences among cultu res. Therefore, if Salatino educates his workers on factors that influence an individual’s perception, workers will have extra knowledge and expertise to create strong connections. It will also aid workers comprehend how individuals form perceptions and tailor attributions about different people, (Williams & Noyes, 2007). Some external factors that influence perception and attribution involve intensity, differences,

Supply chain management article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply chain management article - Essay Example The article, however, argues against these approaches, arguing that they do not help in one-off, complex environments like in construction or shipbuilding (Ullrich, 2014). The main reason provided in the article is that such projects need a combination of many divergent, largely functional products configured in an innovative and unique manner. The paper selects the example of shipbuilding to argue its case. One of the main learning points is the way in which extended supply chains and individual suppliers may be managed in a more proactive manner so that they deliver better performance in the quality of the product, the time of the cycle, responsiveness or flexibility as well as the cost (Seuring, 2013). The most recognized philosophies in supply chain management are Lean Thinking and Agile thinking (Liu, 2007). Lean thinking is in most cases associated with vendor and manufacturing managed inventory namely just-in-time (JIT) and total quality management, also known as TQM. On the other hand, agile thinking involves mass customization and flexible manufacturing (Hugos, 2003). A central preoccupation decides the most appropriate instance to adopt either one of the strategies, or combine them both into one custom strategy referred to as a ‘leagile’ strategy. While the article recognizes the contribution made by several contributors to the topic, Fisher’s contribution stands out because it offers the conceptual foundation for the building of similar supply strategy models (Cantor & Macdonald, 2009). Essentially, he argues in his contribution that the firm’s nature of product offering should determine the most appropriate supply management posture. The main issue, however, is the context in which the testing of these approaches occurs, especially in Fisher’s case (Seuring, 2013). What should be considered, according to this article, is the usefulness of the models in the generation of advice for the

Ancient Egyptian Art, Painting, and Sculpture Research Paper

Ancient Egyptian Art, Painting, and Sculpture - Research Paper Example Source: http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptart.html Being that ancient Egypt was a religious nation, most of the paintings and sculptures during civilization encompass the goddesses, gods, and Pharaohs.3 These were religious leaders who were considered as divine and they were accorded much respect as they determined individual fate. The ancient arts were characterized by idea according to the outlined order. The arts consisted of clear and precise lines that combined with simple shapes and colors to create some manners of order and top bring balance in the Egyptian nation. Source: http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptart.html Similarly, ancient Egyptian arts had horizontal and vertical lines, which they used in maintaining proportions in the artistic works. The artists maintained both religious and political orders, as they were involved in their artistic works. They also drew figures into sizes not considering the painter’s point of view as it was meant to define the social hierarchy of situations. A good example of this can be depicted by drawing the figure of pharaoh to be bigger in the painting paying no respect to its location.4 It also applies to greater gods and lesser gods. Egyptian sculptures were made of clay, wood, metal and stones. These materials were readily available during the period and they were regarded precious in making sculptors at the time. The use of stones in making sculpture was the most plentiful as it was considered permanent because it is hard and was available in different colors which provided a wide choices. The ancient Egyptian sculptors were very distinctive in its nature in two different ways: it is characterized as cubic and frontal. This is because it takes the form of the cubes or the... This paper stresses that ancient Egyptians arts resembled the actual life situations and nature. They conformed to strict rules which represented their three dimensional forms. Most of the paintings if not all portrayed the figures and images of real life and nature as it was easily noticeable with keen observation. The drawings and paintings were very complete and pretty and they also represented real life situations. ancient Egyptian arts had horizontal and vertical lines, which they used in maintaining proportions in the artistic works. The artists maintained both religious and political orders, as they were involved in their artistic works. They also drew figures into sizes not considering the painter’s point of view as it was meant to define the social hierarchy of situations. A good example of this can be depicted by drawing the figure of pharaoh to be bigger in the painting paying no respect to its location. It also applies to greater gods and lesser gods. Egyptian scul ptures were made of clay, wood, metal and stones. These materials were readily available during the period and they were regarded precious in making sculptors at the time. The use of stones in making sculpture was the most plentiful as it was considered permanent because it is hard and was available in different colors which provided a wide choices. The ancient Egyptian sculptors were very distinctive in its nature in two different ways: it is characterized as cubic and frontal. This report makes a conclusion that the ancient Egyptian arts, paintings, and sculpture play an important role in the life of the Egyptian. The ancient arts have certain characters which makes them distinctive from other forms of arts of other countries. This has made them stand over period and preserve their arts.

Microeconomics as a Branch of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Microeconomics as a Branch of Economics - Essay Example The graph shows the relationship between the three situations above, Where MR=Marginal Revenue, AR=Average Revenue, and MC=Marginal Cost. The output is represented by Q while price by P. A monopoly may want to reduce output from Q1=17.5units to Q3=25units so that he can sell at a higher price P3=$35 (Asian Development Bank, 2002). However, economies of scale may occur leading to a shift in marginal cost from MC1 to MC2 (Pirayoff, 2004).This shift may lead to an increase in monopolist output from Q1=17.5 Units to Q2=40 units. This may lead to a decrease in price from a competitive price to a lower price P2=$30 despite the availability of a monopoly price =$35 (Brakman and Heijdra, 2004). The reasons why there is no supply curve for a monopoly is because, in a monopoly market structure, the market is under the control of a single supplier, hence no need for supply curve (Dwivedi, 2006). (b)A gardener states that for only $1 in seeds, she has been able to grow over $20 produce-enormous profits. Do you agree or disagree with her/ explain? Yes, I agree with her because if she was operating in a monopolistic competition, it is possible to earn enormous profits in the short run as shown in the diagram. The graph shows the relationship between the three situations above, Where MR=Marginal Revenue, AR=Average Revenue, and MC=Marginal Cost. The output is represented by Q while price by P.   A monopoly may want to reduce output from Q1=17.5units to Q3=25units so that he can sell at a higher price P3=$35 (Asian Development Bank, 2002). However, economies of scale may occur leading to a shift in marginal cost from MC1 to MC2 (Pirayoff, 2004).This shift may lead to an increase in monopolist output from Q1=17.5 Units to Q2=40 units. This may lead to a decrease in price from a competitive price to a lower price P2=$30 despite the availability of a monopoly price =$35 (Brakman and Heijdra, 2004).The reasons why there is no supply curve for a monopoly is because, in a monopoly market structure, the market is under the control of a single supplier, hence no need for supply curve (Dwivedi, 2006).

Write an essay argue for or against move toward globalization, use Research Paper

Write an essay argue for or against move toward globalization, use specific details to support your point - Research Paper Example There are many definitions of globalization. According to Ervin and Smith, "Globalization refers to real changes that are important to human society" (2). The changes however affect people differently. Yu defines globalization as "A process of integrating human life, taking place as a global and holistic tendency that reaches beyond regional and national boundaries" (65). This definition describes globalization as an intentional procedure or course of action and predisposition of present-day human progression and advancement past national frontier. Though there are many problems or disadvantages associated with globalization, in my opinion, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Since globalization involves human development past national frontiers, many nations are exposed to the global market. There is no nation in the world that has developed in terms of financial or monetary capabilities and socially while being cut-off from other countries. Subsequently, globalization leads to elevated levels of Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is considered a calculator of the financial wellbeing of a nation or people. It is important to posit that HDI considers the major facets of development including awareness, prolonged existence of the population, and also the health of the population, and it compares development between nations. Siddiqui asserts that "The HDI is a simple average of the life expectancy index, education index, and GDP index" (179). The gross domestic product (GDP) of many countries in the world has significantl y increased over the recent past, and this has been as a result of globalization. Globally, the GDP level increased form USD 17 trillion to USD 107 trillion between 1950 and the end of the twentieth century. The highest rate of growth in terms of GDP was witnessed in countries with high HDI especially China and India (Lockwood, Vorboys and Kothari n.p). Peoples

Police misconduct Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police misconduct - Term Paper Example Biases and prejudices motivate police officers to take inappropriate actions on certain occasions. These inappropriate actions are usually labelled under police misconduct. This paper analyses different types of police misconduct. â€Å"Los Angeles Police Chief Charlie Beck is under fire from his civilian bosses, who increasingly are troubled by his reluctance to punish officers they found had killed or wounded people unjustifiably "(Rubin). The major objective of any criminal justice system is not to punish any innocent person even if thousands of criminals escaped from punishment. In other words, criminal justice system should make sure that enough evidences are there to punish a person. Police officers are responsible for the collection of evidences against the culprits. In certain cases, investigating officers may face lot of pressure from different corners to speed up the investigation process. In such cases, police complete the investigation process in a hurry to satisfy the p ublic demand. Imagine a situation in which a famous celebrity is killed. The killer could be an influential person in the society. Even if police gets enough evidences against the killer, it is not evidently that he may be arrested. The killer may offer bribes and the police may investigate the case as directed by the actual killer. The demand for the speedy arrest of the killer from the public may force the investigating officer to arrest somebody in connection with that murder. The actual killer or the police may present another person (a rented person) as the killer in front of the public. In such cases, police fabricate evidence against the rented person and arrest him to satisfy the public. This person may escape from punishment since it is difficult for the police to prove the crime against him in the courts. In short, the nexus between the police and criminals often result in police misconducts. â€Å"A 37-man force that patrols a gritty square-mile city south of downtown Lo s Angeles -- has become a haven for misfit cops who have been pushed out of other law enforcement agencies for crimes or serious misconduct† (Lait and Glover) BBC (3 April 2013) reported that â€Å"Kent Police officer Eileen Arthurs jailed for misconduct. Kent Police said she carried out unauthorised checks using the force's computers. The force said Arthurs had accessed the records of her friend, who was known to police, on several occasions with no professional reason to do so† (Kent Police officer Eileen Arthurs jailed for misconduct). On many occasions, police use its power to intrude into the personal details of the people. It is a fact that police officers can gather any information about a person if they have enough reasons to do so. However, it is illegal to intrude into the personal records of a person without a legitimate reason. â€Å"Responding to police misconduct is an essential step towards protecting yourself and your community from future police abuseà ¢â‚¬  (How do I report police misconduct?). Staying away from reporting police misconduct will encourage the police officers to repeat the crime again. When people show more readiness to report police misconduct, police officers may think twice before doing an illegal activity. â€Å"

Startup Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Startup Plan - Assignment Example This will be achieved by introducing an innovative method of managing payment and access to internet services. This will allow the customer the flexibility of access, payment and budgeting. The rates offered for internet access will be competitive. The concept is still at start-up level, however, the next stage is to secure funding and this will be carried out by applying for funding to various sources. There is the potential to trademark our concept of the Access Card, and enquiries are being made to the relevant authorities. Our market mainly consists of students who cannot afford to be tied down to long term internet contracts, and this segment as a whole is currently experiencing record levels of borrowing to sustain their education. This is a huge potential market of 42 401 students in the Yorkshire and Humber region (UCAS 2006), and are desperately in need of more flexible internet access. To ensure this, we will be undertaking an aggressive marketing campaign and liaising with the National Students Union. Our concept will require a minimum of 100,000 for the first year, with a 20% stake offered for potential investors. 20 000 will also be made available from personal savings of the owner . 1.1 Objectives X Internet Caf's objectives for the first three years of operation include: The creation of a novel way to access and pay for internet access. Provide an integrated internet and data management service at affordable prices. Expand into other areas of the United Kingdom Achieve a 60% penetration rate for the national student community. 1.2 Mission As the cost of broadband internet access comes down, its popularity will increase, but at the price of long and binding contracts. X Internet Caf will provide student communities with access to the Internet, at a price they can control, and at hours that are compatible with their lifestyles. 1.3 Keys to Success The keys to success for X Internet Caf are: The creation of the Access Card that will differentiate payment methods and accessibility of computers. An all-inclusive service that is suitable for every budget. 1.4 Risks The risks involved with starting X Internet Caf are: Will the anticipated demand materialise Will the popularity of all-inclusive broadband internet in accommodation rates grow 2.0 Company Summary X Internet Caf, soon to be located in the city of Sheffield, will offer the student community with affordable internet services, through the innovative Access card which allows the student to browse and access internet services at manageable prices. X Internet Caf will also offer photocopying, binding, laminating and printing services which can paid off the Access Card. X internet caf was born out of the lack of basic internet access that seems prevalent in the UK. The UKs e-government programme has

Film Analysis with Historical Themes Research Proposal

Film Analysis with Historical Themes - Research Proposal Example This portion also facilitates a viewer’s understanding of class divisions which are apparently based on racial differences such as the attributes that distinguish Tenoch, son of a Harvard Economist and Secretary of State, from Julio, son of a single mother whose average line of work does not stand a chance at promotion despite tenure in a firm as a secretary. By adding relevant information regarding the participation of his sister in the leftist movement, the story further clarifies that Julio belongs to the ordinary working class whereas Tenoch opulently indulges being in the ruling class as a ‘criollo’. More evidently, the racial context featured in the film may be traced back to ancestral European and Indian colonists which correspondingly manifest in the white color of Tenoch and the dark complexion of Julio. Though this situation reflects struggle with racial discrimination, the special inseparable bond between Tenoch and Julio who appear to treat each other with brotherly fondness symbolizes union between European and Indian races which altogether form Mexico as a nation. ... remarkably strong civilizations, the Aztec, and Tenoch, having derived his name from ‘Tenochlitian’ of the Aztecs, bears its vivacious character prior to colonization by the west. The length of the road trip taken by the boys is meant to present encounters that would signify how the majority of the population and environment have barely coped on moving forward from extreme poverty especially in rural areas. An adequate number of shots on momentous journeys have been taken at a view from the inside of the moving vehicle for the purpose of boldly illustrating the life of the indigenous Indians whose preference to remain in an ethnic way of living has by far separated them from the country’s behavior in combating the Third World status. One of the movie’s implications is that by start of the new millennium, the landed aristocracy that was for long Mexico's ruling class had been replaced by a plutocracy whose wealth derives from manufacturing, commerce, and fin ance--but rapid growth of the urban lower classes reveals the failure of the Mexican Revolution and subsequent agrarian reform to produce a middle-class majority (Nutini & Isaac, 2009). An event in which Tenoch and Julio witnessed a man by the name of Marcelino Escutia who is dead on the spot after being hit by a speeding bus. The point is, as a migrant brick worker coming from the countryside, he represents the marginal class which, due to unbearable poverty, have crossed certain borders and gone extra miles in order to attain a better standard of living or survive at the least. In a matrimonial ceremony, Tenoch and Julio meet Luisa Cortes, a Spanish woman from Madrid in approximately her 30s and wife of Jano, cousin of Tenoch, whose infidelity to Luisa would draw the latter to find solace in the company and

Vladimir Jabotinsky Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Vladimir Jabotinsky - Term Paper Example His reason for moving was to study law. While he was staying in these countries, he became a correspondent of several popular Russian newspapers. This can be said to be the commencement of his vocation as a journalist. The reports he wrote were widely read across the entire Russian country. This led to him becoming a very popular and recognizable figure among the elite class of Russian journalists. He even acquired a pseudonym which he used to sign his entire article. The name he used was ‘Altalena’(Nakhimovsky, 2). He was a critique of systems from a very tender age. At one point in his early life he wrote an article criticizing the grading system. He also went on to publish the article in a newspaper while he was only fourteen years of age Early in the twentieth century, there was occurred a pogrom against the Jews of Kishinev. The Jews in this region were massacred in a horrific episode by the Russian authorities in 1903. This made Jabotinsky to begin Zionist activiti es in this region (Schechtman, 22). He organized and mobilized self defense units. These units were aiming at fighting for the rights of the Jewish minority in Russia. They wanted to ensure that the Jewish community was treated as other citizens in Russia. This fight for rights earned Jabotinsky election to the Zionist congress as a delegate. The leader of this movement is said to have immensely impressed Jabotinsky with his fluency of the Hebrew language. This led to him seeking to further master the Hebrew language. This mastery later enhanced his translation skills as he spoke six other languages and several Slavic dialects. While at the congress he engaged in the duties of spreading the Jewish language into the wider areas of Russia. He wanted to ensure that all the Jews living in Russia at the time were in a position to speak their native language. His main target was the young generation of Jews comprising mainly of youths. In 1914, the First World War broke out. As a result o f the war he left Russia as a newspaper correspondent. His journey took him to Egypt. While he was in Egypt, he met another Jewish man called Joseph Trumpeldor. Together they fought and helped form the Jewish Legion. They believed that through the participation of the Jews in the war for the liberation of Israel, they would be in a position to demand something having been parties to the course. The British government did not support the idea but they pressed on and they were later allowed to participate. When this organization of volunteer fighters was formed, Jabotinsky served in it as lieutenant. They were involved in fighting for Israel to be freed from Turkish rule. The many activities which they engaged in during this time did not impress the British mandatory Government. This government handed a sentence of 15 years of hard labour. Jabotinsky, however, did not stay long in the British prison. There was a public outcry concerning the sentence among the Jewish community. He was given amnesty and therefore released from prison immediately. From 1921 he became a member of the Zionist executive but his ideas were different from those of the other members. After several disagreements about the direction of the movement Jabotinsky quit to go and establish the union of Zionist revisionists. The goal of this new movement was to fight for the creation of an independent Jewish state. He is regarded as the founder of the revisionists and held in high esteems as a Zionist

Corporate Compliance Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Compliance Plan - Essay Example At that time, the total fan manufacturing process was transferred from Michigan to China, plus the Pontiac, MI, facility was re designed for the production of traditional plastic parts. Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide plastics producer employing almost 700 individuals with estimated annual income of more than $40 million. The corporation is entirely possessed by Riordan Industries with income aggregate of more than of $1 billion. The corporation's research and development is carried out at the business headquarters within San Jose. Riordan's chief clientele are automotive parts producers, aircraft producers, the Department of Defense, drink makers also bottlers, and machine producers. The company is accountable and responsible for the reliability as well as fortification of its production information. All the company accounts and documents are the one and only asset of the corporation and thus measured as being classified by its character, except as offered by law or else guideline. Preventing illegal utilization of the corporation's resources. It is the compulsion of all business councils to defend the resources of the company. Company assets, like the office provisions, office gear, with property, may not be utilized for personal benefits. every misuse or fraud of caused by utilization of the company's finances, information, gear, amenities otherwise other resources may well be deemed as criminal actions and can fetch harsh employment also legal penalties. A. preserving the company's reflection: The corporation's status and individuality are one of the most precious assets. All of the company legislatures are anticipated to perform themselves within a mode that replicates optimistically on the company's reflection and individuality, both internal and external. No one should act in a way that adversely influences the repute otherwise reflection of the corporation with employees, customers or else with the community. every company representative ought to make an effort to contract practically with the company's

Business related Essay Example for Free

Business related Essay 1. Define Marketing. What is marketing process as set out in your text book. Explain the various elements of marketing process. ( LO1; Assessment Criteria 1.1) 2. Select an organization of your choice, identify the marketing orientation it focuses on and evaluate the benefits and costs of the marketing orientation for the selected organization ( LO1; Assessment Criteria 1.2) 3. The Dunkin’ Donut Case: ( LO1; Assessment Criteria 1.2) For more than 50 years, Dunkin’ Donuts has offered customers throughout the United States, and around the world, a consistent experience – the same donuts, the same coffee, the same store dà ©cor – each time a customer drops in. Although the chain now offers iced coffee, breakfast sandwiches, smoothies, gourmet cookies, and Dunkin’ Dawgs in addition to the old standbys, devoted customers argue that it’s the coffee that sets Dunkin’ Donut apart. To keepcustomers coming back, the chain still relies on the recipe that founder Bill Rosenberg crafted more than 50 years ago. The company is so concerned about offering a consistent, high-quality cup of coffee that managers in Dunkin’ Donut’s â€Å"Tree-to-Cup† program monitor the progress of its coffee beans from the farm to the restaurant. The result? Dunkin Donuts sells more cups of coffee than any other retailer in the United States – 30 cups a second, nearly one billion cups each year. Building on that success, the company plans to more than triple its current number of stores, amassing 15,000 franchises by the year 2015. What marketing orientation does Dunkin Donut follow here and why? Give reasons and justification Learning Outcome/s achieved in the assignment: By completing this assignment successfully, the student will achieve the following learning outcome:Learning Outcome LO1 Understand the concept and process of marketing Assessment Criteria 1.1 explain the various elements of the marketing process 1.2 evaluate the benefits and costs of a marketing orientation for a selected organisation Grading Criteria PASS The student will be awarded a PASS grade if he/she achieves all assessment criteria MERIT: The student will be awarded a Merit grade if he/she The learners evidence shows for : M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions †¢ effective judgements have been made †¢ complex problems with more than one variable have been explored †¢ an effective approach to study and research has been applied DISTINCTION: The student will be awarded a Distinction grade if he/she The learners evidence shows for: †¢ conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work †¢ the validity of results has been evaluated using and justify valid conclusions defined criteria †¢ self-criticism of approach has taken place †¢ realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success

Projective Techniques Essay Example for Free

Projective Techniques Essay Such tests are based loosely on the psychoanalytic concept of projection, the assumption being that respondents project unconscious aspects of their personalities on to the test items and reveal them in their responses †¦ The website of the Association of Qualitative Practitioners (AQR 2004) defines projective techniques as follows: A wide range of tasks and games in which respondents can be asked to participate during an interview or group, designed to facilitate, extend or enhance the nature of the discussion. Some are known as ‘projective’ techniques, being loosely based on approaches originally taken in a psychotherapeutic setting. These rely on the idea that someone will ‘project’ their own (perhaps unacceptable or shameful) feelings or beliefs onto an imaginary other person or situation †¦ Projective techniques may be used in qualitative as well as quantitative studies (Levy 1994) and they are useful (Boddy 2004b) in both. 240 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 Projective techniques are commonly used in qualitative market research (Gordon Langmaid 1990) where the aim of the techniques is to facilitate the gaining of a deeper understanding of the area being researched. In discussing projective techniques they distance the use of projective techniques in qualitative market research from that of psychoanalytical practice, and suggest a more pedestrian and pragmatic definition: Projection [is] the tendency to imbue objects or events with characteristics or meanings which are derived from our subconscious desires, wishes or feelings. Dichter (1964) defined projection as meaning ‘to project subjective ideas and contents onto an object’, and said that one person could ascribe their own problems or difficulties to someone else. He described these techniques as being widely used in psychological work (Dichter 1960) and said that they are a non-directive interview technique where the respondent can project himself onto another and thus reveal some of the respondent’s own thoughts, feelings and fears. Projective vis-a-vis enabling techniques The market researchers Chandler and Owen (2002) define projective and enabling techniques quite succinctly and in a way with which most qualitative market research practitioners (Gordon Langmaid 1990; Goodyear 1998) would probably agree. This differentiation is useful to make at the beginning of this paper as the techniques are often used interchangeably and the distinction between them may have become blurred in the minds of some qualitative market researchers. Classically, the idea of a projective technique relates to a device that allows the individual research participant to articulate repressed or otherwise withheld feelings by projecting these onto another character. The idea of enabling techniques relates to a device which allows the individual research participant to find a means of expressing feelings, thoughts and so on which they find hard to articulate. Enabling techniques are held to be the simpler (Will, Eadie MacAskill 1996) of the two techniques as they just help people to talk about themselves. Will et al. ake the useful distinguishing point that while all projective techniques may be enabling, not all enabling techniques involve projection. Other researchers (Lysaker Bradley 1957) make the point that even pictorial devices, which do not function as projective techniques 241 Projective techniques in market research (i. e. devices researchers would nowadays refer to as enabling techniques), may still have utility in generat ing responses. Gordon and Langmaid (1990) state that the use of projective as opposed to enabling techniques is a false distinction in market research as the aim of both techniques is to facilitate deeper understanding. However, they do go on to say that in enabling techniques people are asked to do something that itself has no interpretive value (and so doesn’t itself need to be interpreted). In terms of analysis there is a distinction because with enabling techniques the research participants are talking as themselves (that is not to say that this speech should always be taken at face value), whereas with projective techniques the research participants are talking as someone else and the researcher makes the interpretative assumption that they are talking as themselves. This agreement over the definition of projective techniques is about as far as most research textbooks get on the subject. How they are subsequently used is little discussed and how they are then analysed is hardly explicitly touched on at all (Levy 1994; Catterall 1998), which is a situation that has hardly changed from ten or more years ago. This paper aims to look at current reports of how projective techniques are analysed and what support for their reliability and validity exists, and aims to stimulate debate in this area of market research so that a better and more accessible understanding of the subject can be offered to those entering research as potential practitioners, to interested clients, and to researchers who are more used to a quantitative or direct questioning approach. The origins of projective techniques Projective techniques were employed in market research from the 1940s (Catterall Ibbotson 2000) to encourage research participants to express feelings and attitudes that might otherwise be withheld due to embarrassment or fear if more direct questioning methods were used. Market research originally borrowed (Robson 2000; Boddy 2004a) projective techniques from psychoanalysis and clinical psychology where they are still used (Richman 1996) to gain insights into personality and personality disorders. Projection, as a concept, originated from Freud’s work on paranoia (Lilienfeld, Wood Garb 2000), where he conceptualised projection as a defence mechanism by which people unconsciously attribute their own negative personality traits to others. Lilienfeld et al. say that Freud’s work 242 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 was subsequently developed by psychoanalysts and clinical psychologists. This development was based on the hypothesis that ‘research participants project aspects of their personalities in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli’, and several different techniques were developed such as the well-known Rorschach technique, or ‘ink-blot test’, where subjects are assumed to project aspects of their personality onto the ambiguous features of a set of inkblots. Projective techniques in market research A commonly used completion technique (Gordon Langmaid 1990; Will et al. 1996) in qualitative market research is ‘bubble drawing’. This is a device based on a technique called the Thematic Apperception Test where, according to Tucker-Ladd (2001), clinical psychologists use a series of standard pictures and ask subjects to make up stories about them. TuckerLadd says that what people see in the pictures says something about themselves and thus reveals their personality. Projective techniques can be used in a variety of market research situations as well as in social and educational research (Catterall Ibbotson 2000), and these do not have to be aiming at uncovering aspects of personality of any great depth. For example, a bubble drawing was used (Boddy 2004a) by one researcher to uncover students’ underlying attitudes towards the delivery of a lecture on marketing research rather than to uncover any deeper aspects of their own personalities. Projective and enabling techniques are thus useful when research participants have difficulty expressing opinions or feelings and researchers need some way of accessing these from the participants’ minds (Gordon Langmaid 1990; Kay 2001).

Information Management System of IKEA

Information Management System of IKEA Introduction History A privately held international retailers of home products, being the largest retailers of the world they provide home products from furniture, fabric, glass, kitchen and bathroom accessories at an affordable price. Their vision being Anybody can make a good-quality product for a high price, or a poor-quality product for a low price. But to make good products at low prices, one needs to develop methods that are both cost-effective and innovative. This has been IKEAs focus. Maximizing the use of raw materials and production adaptation to meet peoples needs and preferences have meant that their costs are low. The IKEA way of doing things is to pass these cost savings on to customers. This idea came into being in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden who laid basis of IKEA and then afterwards it was owned by Kamprad Family. Data of august 2009 shows currently it has 301 stores (outlets) in 37 countries (scattered in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia), with more than 135,000 employees. (Source net) All products are in flat packed form to be assembled by consumer himself (saving space and time from in store assembling, easy handling and transportation and reducing packaging cost. IKEA Financial Progress this decade: This graph clearly describes IKEAs progress in terms of financial point of view but in this recession period what could be the factors it has adopted to increase its progress towards a progressing/ profiting organization. Multiple factors can be mentioned starting from its outlets structure up to higher level management all working in a close coordination. They modernized their structure at every step ultimately profiting the organization and customers in terms of providing cheap furniture accessories. Special Design of IKEA Outlets IKEA outlets are often on â€Å"one way lay out pattern† to encourage customers to see the store in its entirety. A self service way is introduced as customers collect shopping cart, proceed to open-shelf warehouse (for smaller items) then proceed to furniture warehouse where they could collect previously noted showroom product (but in a flat pack form). Furniture warehouse is usually located adjacent to main store. Ultimately proceeding to cashier for due payments. Retail Business Model of IKEA All trading of IKEA is through its outlets as well as internet, called as Clicks and Mortar or Bricks Clicks or Bricks, Clicks Flips (Catalogues). The usability of both of the ways for sales proved advantageous for the IKEA and for consumers as well: Developers Perspective Profitability of IKEA Management Perspective Increased / better productivity User Perspective Accuracy/ satisfaction/ cost effective To fulfill the above described criteria products have be efficient, effective as well as user friendly. Flaws of this system include Security problems, staff retraining or new technical staff, more employees loosing jobs and redundancies. Establishment of e-business is still advantageous for IKEA as counter mediation made payment available to them before goods are delivered, goods are supplied in time further reducing inventory cost, space for storage, direct delivery to customers home further reduces their cost. Structure of IKEA: OPERATIONAL Level Information Management system of IKEA Main structure of IKEA family comprises of â€Å"INGKA Holding† which is the main (parent) company for all the IKEA group companies. This INGKA foundation consists of 5 member executive committee naming â€Å"Kampard†, his wife and 3 attorneys (The Economist, 2006). IKEA Group company supervisory board comprises of Goran Grosskopf, the chairman and Ingvar Kampard being senior advisor and many others representing their own territories. This group of companies is basically concerned with carrying out all the necessary functions to bring the right product to markets. These companies include IKEA Sweden, Swedwood (Industrial IKEA production company), purchasing, distribution, human resource services, internet technology and communications departments (all working together). All scattered branches of IKEA (Franchisees) are connected to a common system networking â€Å"inter IKEA system† at national as well as at international level (monitoring all the sales, stocks, cash, inventory, demand and supply balances). The basic unit of information is provided by managers at local stores (shift / branch/ area/ territory managers), all collaborating to disseminate information from local up to international level. This propagation of information is carried out through internet using wide area networks (ultimately spreading information from end user to main supplier). So Human computer interaction results in: Cost reduction less staff needed, Resource Land saving Tangible Deployment Business Improved More messages Productivity transmission New ideas/products Organizational new forms of integration Enhancement improved business Work Intangible Enhancement Business Human Resource Structure of IKEA: Human Resource is one of the strongest departments of IKEA as it gives emphasis on IKEAs vision Their HR philosophy believes that employees are more productive and committed when company takes care of them and their needs. Timings of IKEA Store Opening: IKEA outlets are open 24 hours a day, restoring and maintenance carried out at night hours. For such long working hours IKEA hires students at a minimum rate in return getting good quality work. As officially students are allowed to work part time hours, so remain available for various shifts. Recruiting process: Recruitment in IKEA starts from online basic test in form of multiple choice questions which are meant to judge the intelligence, personality and persons response towards a particular situation. Online testing is another factor for saving up the extra money spent on recruitment process as well as time saving. Passed candidates are then called for a face to face interview which shows their level of confidence, dedication, interests and future goals. Passing candidates then go through a short training period, ultimately becoming a member of IKEA. Data Security Control/ Biometric Control: Employees are supplied with specialized computerized made IKEA identity cards which they swipe on a card reader, having a data of time in, working hours and time out. For enhanced security each card contains picture of employee (which can be checked by shift manager on duty). Job Security/ Benefits: All employees are provided with benefits uniformly like worker health and safety, housing facilities, forced and bonded labor, no child labor harassment, abuse and disciplinary actions. Employees are empowered fully in terms of their task completion. Supply Chain Management of IKEA: Supply chain management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work in process, inventory, finished goods, and their transportation from the point of origin to the point of consumption. Structure of IKEA is designed to optimize the efficacy of its designed products and supply process. For the purpose of ease it can be divided into 4 parts, each operating as a type of internal market. Sweden is the head quarter where all the basic furniture is designed. â€Å"Swedwood† the oldest supplier from Sweden for IKEA providing raw material mainly wood from its own forests but with time increasing demands of raw material forced IKEA to look for other suppliers. Currently there are more than 57 suppliers of raw material in furniture industry only, more interestingly these suppliers are not centered rather scattered worldwide but they all are connected with ECIS (IKEA s own system) which allows them to have look at inventory level, forecasting and transparency of supply chain , ultimately helping them to anticipate orders. Here another important IKEA perspective can be appreciated that it further neglects/reduces its switching costs at minimum as it always try to negotiate with previous suppliers rather than searching for newer ones. Retail division largely keeps all the responsibilities of controlling stores (franchises) world wide. For this purpose they have integrated complex communicating system (with the help of IT) which is maintained at every step . â€Å"Istra† the marketing decision maker set up a competitive tender to decide the production. More interestingly most products are manufactured in developing countries to keep down the costs. It is the responsibility of the â€Å"distribution centers† for the distribution (transportation) of raw material/ goods and designs to manufacturers (which again are not centered, giving huge emphases on communication and continuous support). IKEA ‘s highly trained technical staff keep concentrating on design improvements as advised by management to make products that are functional, simple, well made, affordable, easy to get assembled and durable. A specialized integrated project team (IPT) ensures that all these demands are met at all levels. All the above described divisions though working independently but still are connected and being monitored by â€Å"Business Support Centers† which keep introducing newer technologies and logistics. Similarly IKEA transport manager make arrangements for all transportation s at a global level (in collaboration with support centers for product/ material tracing). IKEAs policy is to shorten lead time. Attempts are being made at supplier, manufacturer especially at transportation level, where bypassing most of the retail stores is being tried. For this purpose products are transported directly from the main distribution center to consumers house (at consumers cost) saving his time and saving IKEA money at the same time. For this purpose IKEA maintains 41 trading service offices, scattered in 30 countries with 1350 suppliers. Having discussed various steps of supply chain it can be said that it is the collaboration between suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers and customers through various transport sources (Strategic Supply chain). On the basis of demands management takes decisions regarding purchasing and production, inventory decisions, transportation strategy and routes, at the same time keeping an eye on accounts (Tactical Supply chain) . Ultimately production and distribution planning, demand planning and forecasting, all inbound and outbound movements, order promising on day to day basis (Operational Supply chain). Shopping at IKEA Franchises: Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Newer technology which enables remote and automated gathering, then sending information between RFID tags (attached with the products ) and readers (which could be handled units or fixed units as both are in operation in IKEA). RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit, having specific data which could range from a unique identity number up to a thousand bites data. When these tags are shown to readers all necessary information get flashed at the device (reader) which is connected with not only in store local area network but also with a higher level management (at international level) as communication satellites are in operation as well. So information propagating starts as soon as a product is shown to reader without any delay. Advantages of RFID System for IKEA Data transmission, storage and analysis become much easy now than before. Information between tags and readers is rapid, does not even require direct contact. Inventory and stock level could easily be accessed. On the basis of previous sales accurate forecasts for a particular product could be made. Disadvantages of RFID System for IKEA Newer technology needed trained staff Data had to put over tags and readers with accuracy Required some investment. Client Server Architecture A customer can place an order online or through a computer system placed at IKEA franchise. For this kind of order placement customer places an order, pays cash through his debit card (in UK cash payments are handled through PayPal which is considered as the safest way of e-shopping. After making a transaction he is given a â€Å"specific order number† he shows to the main reception staff and gets his desired product straight away. Pic In this case information gets flashed at all (local, national and international levels). â€Å"Just In Time† (JIT) Policy OF IKEA: For the purpose of further reducing cost IKEA uses just in time policy as all the furniture is not stocked at the store level, so when a product is ordered it is directly shipped from the warehouse to customers home at a cost of additional transportation charge (bypassing intermediaries and reducing costs to both consumer and IKEA itself). Pre requisite for JIT All departments (suppliers, designers, manufacturers, transportation) have to work in close association to shorten the time frame, cut the cost while no compromise at the quality. Requires handsome inventory. IT plays the most crucial part for JIT to function at its best. Pull Based Model for IKEA Customer Relation Management Customer relation management can be discussed under 3 headings: Customer Relation Management Sales Marketing Customer Service â€Å"Sales† could be further discussed as IKEA uses the below given ways for sales. Web sales Sales Phone Field (Franchise) These Points have discussed earlier in the assignment. IKEA Catalogue Marketing of IKEA Web Marketing IKEA Catalogue: IKEA catalogue provides the most important tool for the purpose of marketing. IKEA is known as the trend setter in the catalogue publishing field. Annually published catalogue is in 27 languages and is published in 36 countries (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..) Catalogue accounts more than 70% of the IKEAs annual marketing budget. It is said that more copies of IKEA Catalogue are printed as compared to Bible each year. PIC A quarterly printed magazine â€Å"IKEA FAMILY† further supplements the catalogue in terms of marketing. IKEA Website Marketing An up to date, well maintained website for marketing purposes is maintained round the clock. A specialized team of IT consultants remain available for all the times. Every promotional, seasonal offers, sales, discounts and special offers are displayed for the interest of customers. A wide range of products remain separately available on stock for e- shopping. On field Promotional staff Customer Service Play Area for Kids Bargain Corner IKEA Warranty IKEA Special handling booklets On field/Ground Staff: A well trained ground staff is available at store round the clock providing a high level of customer support. Friendly staff of IKEA feels pride helping their customers. Its a part of their routine practice to promote and assist their customers interest and guide them towards purchasing their goods. Play Area for Kids: IKEA has introduced a separate play area for children (aging 3 to 10 years of age). This facility is provided free of charge. As play area is a separate unit in the IKEA franchise so parents are provided with hand held pagers in order to get back to their children if they need some help during shopping. This unique feature is available only at IKEA stores which makes its customers more interested in visiting and shopping from IKEA. Bargain Center: A bargain corner is specially meant for returned, damaged or previously displayed products at a fairly reasonable low price. These products though are priced quite low as compared to other products but with no warranty. Furthermore on buying such goods customers are reminded again that this product does not carry any warranty and all the products clearly mention that either they are repaired, returned damaged or previously was displayed in the store. IKEA Warranty: All IKEA products come with IKEA warranty cards. Warranty of IKEA products ranges from minimum of 5 years up to 20 years depending upon the type of product and its life cycle. If a product gets damaged before this time customer is offered free service or even complete new product replacement. For these purposes IKEA keeps its customers details on records in order to trace them on their demand. IKEA Special Handling Booklets: As IKEA products are pre assembled and customer has to assemble the furniture himself, for this purpose customer is provided with a special product handling booklets which describes all the basic information regarding assembling all the material. Booklet further provide guidance for its proper usage, any precautions and safety advices. IKEA Outsourcing IKEA Help lines IKEA uses its help lines as a basic tool for outsourcing. A well trained, highly motivated staff is available round the clock to assist customers at all the levels. These help lines are free of charge and can be assessed 24 hours. Customers make calls; tell them their product reference number (mentioned on the booklets) Customer service assistant check that number in their computer system and get all the necessary information. Then they guide consumers what to do and where to report further or in case if they need any guidance they are given guidance if possible at the same time. Development of Internet Technology (IT) IKEA main center can be assessed through internet as all necessary guidance, sales, discounts, special offers and details of specified products can be assessed while sitting at home, or on work without any time delay. Development of IT therefore provides a major source of not only promotional perspective but sales and customers service as well. Help desk is available not only at IKEA stores but online as well. Limitations of IT Internet technology is labor intensive for both data input as well as accessibility. Well experienced staff is needed to gather all the necessary information from all the relevant departments (starting from a local level to national to global level). A separate IT department is mandatory for its time to time approach and functioning efficiently. Internet viruses/ hackers are a continuous threat for an active IT department. Many organizations may not want to supply information regarding their quality costs as they may have to face increased competitive force. Human errors, environmental hazards and computer system failures still remain unintentional threats. An educated/ well aware audience is needed to avail the internet advantages.